• Class: Metals
• Period: 6
• IUPAC group: 14
• Traditional: IVb

• Discovered in: ~ 1000 BC by
• Origin of name: LaTin: plumbum
• Historical or alternate name: Plumbium

Galena, anglesite, cerussite & minim; rarely occurs free in nature

Dull grey metal. Soft, ductile, structurally weak. Tarnishes in moist air; sTABLE in Oxygen and water. Dissolves in nitric acid.

• Atmosphere: ~0.0 ppm
• Primitive mantle: 0.120 ppm
• Sea water: 0.003 ppm
• Metallic meteorite: 2.430 ppm
• ConTinental crust: 8.0 ppm
• Solar photosphere: 1.93 log of abundance
• Oceanic crust: 0.8 ppm
• Solar system: 3.15 relative to Si=1.0e6

   Hazards

Poison. Compounds toxic by inhalation or ingestion. Danger of cumulative effects. Carcinogen..

• Lower:0.01
• Upper:1.0

Lead Physical Properties

 Transitional Data

• State: Solid
• Density: 11.3437 g/cm3

 Molar enthalpy

• Atomization: 195.74 kJ mol-1
• Fusion: 5.121 kJ mol-1
• Vaporization: 177.8 kJ mol-1

 Transition points

• MelTing point: 600.65 K
• Boiling point: 2013.0 K
• Critical temperature: 5400.0 K

 Molar properties

• Atomic weight: 207.2 g/mole
• Molar volume: 18.377 cm3 mol-1

 Crystal structure sequence

face-centered-cubic

 Thermodynamics

• State: solid
  • Enthalpy 0
  • Gibbs function 0
  • Entropy 64.81
  • Heat Capacity 26.44

• State: gas
  • Enthalpy 195.0
  • Gibbs function 161.9
  • Entropy 175.373
  • Heat Capacity 20.786

 Miscellaneous physical

• Electrical resistivity: 20.648 µ-ohms/cm
• Debye temperature: 105.0 K
• Thermal conductivity: 35.3 W / m / K
• Coefficient of linear expansion: 29.0Coef. per K
• Mass magnetic susceptibility: -1.39e-9
• X-ray diffraction mass absorption coefficients:
• CuK: 232 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1
• MoK: 120 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1

Lead Chemical Properties

 Chemical basics:

• Oxidation states: +2 +4
• Molecular wt: 207.2 g/mole

 Radii

• Covalent: 154 pm
• Atomic: 175.0 pm
• Van der Waals: pm

 Ions:

• ion: +2 pm 119.0
• ion: +4 pm 77.5

 Covalent bonds

 Effective nuclear charge

• Slater: 5.65
• Clementi: 12.39
• Froese-Fischer: 15.33

 Electronegativity

• Pauling: 1.9
• Allred-Rochow: 1.55

 Standard reactions

Lead Nuclear Properties

• Known 29
• Listed 7

• Known 194 - 214
• Listed 202 - 210

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 0.3 E6 years
  • Decay mode: E.C.,
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 1.4%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 1.4 E17 years
  • Decay mode: alpha,
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 5/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 15.0 E6 years
  • Decay mode: E.C.,
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 24.1%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 22.1%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 1/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 52.4%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 21.4 years
  • Decay mode: Beta- alpha,
  • Source:
• Notes date med

• Isotope Cross-section 0.18±0.01 barns

• Absolute sensitivity: 2.07e-3 1H=1.0
• Relative sensitivity: 9.16e-3 1H=1.0
• Receptivity: 11.8 13C=1.0
• Magnetogyric ratio: 5.5797e7 rad / T / s
• Quadropole moment: m2
• Frequency: 20.921 MHz
• Reference: Pb(CH3)4

Lead Energy Properties

Electrons

• Ground state electron configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
• Electron affinity: 35.2 kJ mol-1
• Filling orbitals:

Spectral lines

 Ionization energies

 Atomic energy levels