• Class: Transition Metals
• Period: 6
• IUPAC group: 6
• Traditional: VIa

• Discovered in: 1783 by J.J. & F. de Elhuyar
• Origin of name: Swedish Wolfram, or Swedish Tungsten, (heavy stone)
• Historical or alternate name: Wolfram

Wolframite, scheelite, huebnerite & ferberite

Lustrous, Silvery white metal or dull grey powder. Resists Oxygen, acids and alkalis.

• Atmosphere: ~0.0 ppm
• Primitive mantle: 0.016 ppm
• Sea water: 1e-6 ppm
• Metallic meteorite: 0.089 ppm
• ConTinental crust: 1.0 ppm
• Solar photosphere: 1.7 log of abundance
• Oceanic crust: 0.5 ppm
• Solar system: 0.137 relative to Si=1.0e6

   Hazards

Compounds may be toxic by inhalation or ingestion..

• Lower:0.01
• Upper:1.0

Tungsten Physical Properties

 Transitional Data

• State: Solid
• Density: 19.35 g/cm3

 Molar enthalpy

• Atomization: 848.10 kJ mol-1
• Fusion: 35.2 kJ mol-1
• Vaporization: 824.2 kJ mol-1

 Transition points

• MelTing point: 3683.0 K
• Boiling point: 5933.0 K
• Critical temperature: 12000.0 K

 Molar properties

• Atomic weight: 183.85 g/mole
• Molar volume: 9.601 cm3 mol-1

 Crystal structure sequence

complex-cubic <923 K < body-centered-cubic

 Thermodynamics

• State: solid
  • Enthalpy 0
  • Gibbs function 0
  • Entropy 32.64
  • Heat Capacity 24.27

• State: gas
  • Enthalpy 849.4
  • Gibbs function 807.1
  • Entropy 173.950
  • Heat Capacity 21.309

 Miscellaneous physical

• Electrical resistivity: 5.40 µ-ohms/cm
• Debye temperature: 400.0 K
• Thermal conductivity: 174.0 W / m / K
• Coefficient of linear expansion: 4.5Coef. per K
• Mass magnetic susceptibility: 4.0e-9
• X-ray diffraction mass absorption coefficients:
• CuK: 172 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1
• MoK: 99.1 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1

Tungsten Chemical Properties

 Chemical basics:

• Oxidation states: +4 +5 +6
• Molecular wt: 183.85 g/mole

 Radii

• Covalent: 130 pm
• Atomic: 141.0 pm
• Van der Waals: pm

 Ions:

• ion: +4 pm 66.0
• ion: +5 pm 62.0
• ion: +6 pm 60.0

 Covalent bonds

 Effective nuclear charge

• Slater: 4.35
• Clementi: 9.85
• Froese-Fischer: 14.22

 Electronegativity

• Pauling: 1.7
• Allred-Rochow: 1.40

 Standard reactions

Tungsten Nuclear Properties

• Known 22
• Listed 9

• Known 173 - 189
• Listed 178 - 186

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 22.0 days
  • Decay mode: E.C.,
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 0.13%
• Mossbauer NRA: 16.60
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 121.0 days
  • Decay mode: E.C.,
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 26.30%
• Mossbauer NRA: 16.00
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 14.30%
• Mossbauer NRA: 7.45
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 1/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA: 15.90
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 30.67%
• Mossbauer NRA: 17.80
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 75.1 days
  • Decay mode: Beta-
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 28.60%
• Mossbauer NRA: 19.60 *
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• Isotope Cross-section 18.5±0.5 barns

• Absolute sensitivity: 1.03e-5 1H=1.0
• Relative sensitivity: 7.20e-4 1H=1.0
• Receptivity: 0.0589 13C=1.0
• Magnetogyric ratio: 1.1145e7 rad / T / s
• Quadropole moment: m2
• Frequency: 4.161 MHz
• Reference: WF6

Tungsten Energy Properties

Electrons

• Ground state electron configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2
• Electron affinity: 119 kJ mol-1
• Filling orbitals:

Spectral lines

 Ionization energies

 Atomic energy levels