• Class: Heavy Lanthinides
• Period: 6
• IUPAC group: 3
• Traditional: IIIa

• Discovered in: 1879 by Cleve
• Origin of name: Thule, earliest name for Scandinavia
• Historical or alternate name:

Monazite

Silvery metal. Tarnishes in air. Reacts with water.

• Atmosphere: ~0.0 ppm
• Primitive mantle: 0.054 ppm
• Sea water: 4e-8 ppm
• Metallic meteorite: 0.022 ppm
• ConTinental crust: 0.32 ppm
• Solar photosphere: 0.26 log of abundance
• Oceanic crust: 0.54 ppm
• Solar system: 0.0386 relative to Si=1.0e6

   Hazards

Flammable dust. Compounds moderately toxic..

• Lower:
• Upper:

Thulium Physical Properties

 Transitional Data

• State: Solid
• Density: 9.3208 g/cm3

 Molar enthalpy

• Atomization: 233.43 kJ mol-1
• Fusion: 18.4 kJ mol-1
• Vaporization: 247 kJ mol-1

 Transition points

• MelTing point: 1818.0 K
• Boiling point: 2220.0 K
• Critical temperature: 6430.0 K

 Molar properties

• Atomic weight: 168.93421 g/mole
• Molar volume: 18.183 cm3 mol-1

 Crystal structure sequence

hexagonal-close-packed <1277 K < body-centered-cubic < melTing point

 Thermodynamics

• State: solid
  • Enthalpy 0
  • Gibbs function 0
  • Entropy 74.01
  • Heat Capacity 27.03

• State: gas
  • Enthalpy 232.2
  • Gibbs function 197.5
  • Entropy 190.113
  • Heat Capacity 20.786

 Miscellaneous physical

• Electrical resistivity: 79.0 µ-ohms/cm
• Debye temperature: K
• Thermal conductivity: 16.8 W / m / K
• Coefficient of linear expansion: 11.0Coef. per K
• Mass magnetic susceptibility: 1.90e-6
• X-ray diffraction mass absorption coefficients:
• CuK: 140 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1
• MoK: 80.8 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1

Thulium Chemical Properties

 Chemical basics:

• Oxidation states: +2 +3
• Molecular wt: 168.93421 g/mole

 Radii

• Covalent: 156 pm
• Atomic: 175.9 pm
• Van der Waals: pm

 Ions:

• ion: +2 pm 103.0
• ion: +3 pm 88.0

 Covalent bonds

 Effective nuclear charge

• Slater: 2.85
• Clementi: 8.58
• Froese-Fischer: 11.80

 Electronegativity

• Pauling:
• Allred-Rochow: 1.11

 Standard reactions

Thulium Nuclear Properties

• Known 18
• Listed 5

• Known 161 - 176
• Listed 167 - 171

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 9.25 days
  • Decay mode: E.C.,
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 93.10 days
  • Decay mode: E.C.,
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 100.0%
• Mossbauer NRA: 1.35
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 1/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 129.00 days
  • Decay mode: Beta- E.C.,
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 1/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 1.92 years
  • Decay mode: Beta-
  • Source:
• Notes

• Isotope Cross-section 115±15 barns

• Absolute sensitivity: 5.66e-4 1H=1.0
• Relative sensitivity: 5.66e-4 1H=1.0
• Receptivity: 3.21 13C=1.0
• Magnetogyric ratio: -2.21e7 rad / T / s
• Quadropole moment: m2
• Frequency: 8.271 MHz
• Reference:

Thulium Energy Properties

Electrons

• Ground state electron configuration: [Xe] 4f13 6s2
• Electron affinity: <=50 kJ mol-1
• Filling orbitals:

Spectral lines

 Ionization energies

 Atomic energy levels