• Class: Metals
• Period: 5
• IUPAC group: 14
• Traditional: IVb

• Discovered in: ~ 2000 BC by
• Origin of name: LaTin: stannum
• Historical or alternate name: Stannum

Cassiterite (SnO2)

Silvery white, soft, pliable metal. Exposed surfaces form oxide film. Resists Oxygen and water. Dissolves in acids and bases.

• Atmosphere: ~0.0 ppm
• Primitive mantle: <1.0 ppm
• Sea water: 0.003 ppm
• Metallic meteorite: 1.680 ppm
• ConTinental crust: 2.5 ppm
• Solar photosphere: 2.0 log of abundance
• Oceanic crust: 1.4 ppm
• Solar system: 3.82 relative to Si=1.0e6

   Hazards

Compounds may be irritants. Organic Tin compounds may be highly toxic..

• Lower:1.0
• Upper:100.0

Tin Physical Properties

 Transitional Data

• State: Solid
• Density: 7.28 g/cm3

 Molar enthalpy

• Atomization: 302.00 kJ mol-1
• Fusion: 7.20 kJ mol-1
• Vaporization: 296.2 kJ mol-1

 Transition points

• MelTing point: 505.12 K
• Boiling point: 2543.0 K
• Critical temperature: 5809.0 K

 Molar properties

• Atomic weight: 118.71 g/mole
• Molar volume: 16.391 cm3 mol-1

 Crystal structure sequence

diamond-cubic <291 K < body-centered-tetragonal < melTing point

 Thermodynamics

• State: solid (a)
  • Enthalpy -2.09
  • Gibbs function 0.13
  • Entropy 44.14
  • Heat Capacity 25.77

• State: solid (b)
  • Enthalpy 0
  • Gibbs function 0
  • Entropy 51.55
  • Heat Capacity 26.99

• State: gas
  • Enthalpy 302.1
  • Gibbs function 267.3
  • Entropy 168.486
  • Heat Capacity 21.259

 Miscellaneous physical

• Electrical resistivity: 11.0 µ-ohms/cm
• Debye temperature: 200.0 K
• Thermal conductivity: 66.6 W / m / K
• Coefficient of linear expansion: 22.2Coef. per K
• Mass magnetic susceptibility: -4.0e-9 (a)
• X-ray diffraction mass absorption coefficients:
• CuK: 256 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1
• MoK: 31.1 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1

Tin Chemical Properties

 Chemical basics:

• Oxidation states: +2 +4
• Molecular wt: 118.71 g/mole

 Radii

• Covalent: 140 pm
• Atomic: 158.0 pm
• Van der Waals: pm

 Ions:

• ion: +2 pm 93.0
• ion: +4 pm 69.0

 Covalent bonds

 Effective nuclear charge

• Slater: 5.65
• Clementi: 9.10
• Froese-Fischer: 11.11

 Electronegativity

• Pauling: 1.8
• Allred-Rochow: 1.72

 Standard reactions

Tin Nuclear Properties

• Known 28
• Listed 13

• Known 108 - 128
• Listed 112 - 126

• % Occ.:Natural 0.97%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 0.65%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 115.00 days
  • Decay mode: E.C.,
  • Source: reactor
• Notes med

• % Occ.:Natural 0.36%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 1/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 14.53%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 7.68%
• Mossbauer NRA: 25.40
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 1/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 26.22%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 8.58%
• Mossbauer NRA: 3.83 *
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 1/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 32.59%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 4.63%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 129.00 days
  • Decay mode: Beta-
  • Source: reactor
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 5.79%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 9.64 days
  • Decay mode: Beta-
  • Source: reactor
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 0.10 E6 years
  • Decay mode: Beta-
  • Source: reactor
• Notes

• Isotope Cross-section 0.63±0.01 barns

• Absolute sensitivity: 1.22e-4 1H=1.0
• Relative sensitivity: 3.5e-2 1H=1.0
• Receptivity: 0.693 13C=1.0
• Magnetogyric ratio: -8.7475e7 rad / T / s
• Quadropole moment: m2
• Frequency: 32.699 MHz
• Reference: Sn(CH3)4

• Absolute sensitivity: 0.693 1H=1.0
• Relative sensitivity: 1.22e-4 1H=1.0
• Receptivity: -8.7475e7 13C=1.0
• Magnetogyric ratio: rad / T / s
• Quadropole moment: 32.699 m2
• Frequency: 117 MHz
• Reference: Sn(CH3)4

Tin Energy Properties

Electrons

• Ground state electron configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
• Electron affinity: 121 kJ mol-1
• Filling orbitals:

Spectral lines

 Ionization energies

 Atomic energy levels