• Class: Transition Metals
• Period: 5
• IUPAC group: 8
• Traditional: VIII

• Discovered in: 1844 by Klaus
• Origin of name: Latin: Ruthenia, (Russia)
• Historical or alternate name:

Platinum ores, pentlandite & pyroxinite

Lustrous, silvery metal. Unaffected by air, water or acids. Reacts with very hot (molten) alkalis.

• Atmosphere: ~0.0 ppm
• Primitive mantle: 0.0043 ppm
• Sea water: trace ppm
• Metallic meteorite: 0.714 ppm
• Continental crust: 0.01 ppm
• Solar photosphere: 1.83 log of abundance
• Oceanic crust: 0.0010 ppm
• Solar system: 1.86 relative to Si=1.0e6

   Hazards

Compounds may be toxic..

• Lower:
• Upper:

Ruthenium Physical Properties

 Transitional Data

• State: Solid
• Density: 12.3 g/cm3

 Molar enthalpy

• Atomization: 641.031 kJ mol-1
• Fusion: 23.7 kJ mol-1
• Vaporization: 567 kJ mol-1

 Transition points

• Melting point: 2583.0 K
• Boiling point: 4173.0 K
• Critical temperature: 9600.0 K

 Molar properties

• Atomic weight: 101.07 g/mole
• Molar volume: 8.222 cm3 mol-1

 Crystal structure sequence

hexagonal-close-packed

 Thermodynamics

• State: solid
  • Enthalpy 0
  • Gibbs function 0
  • Entropy 28.53
  • Heat Capacity 24.06

• State: gas
  • Enthalpy 642.7
  • Gibbs function 595.8
  • Entropy 186.507
  • Heat Capacity 21.522

 Miscellaneous physical

• Electrical resistivity: 7.6 µ-ohms/cm
• Debye temperature: 600.0 K
• Thermal conductivity: 117.0 W / m / K
• Coefficient of linear expansion: 6.4Coef. per K
• Mass magnetic susceptibility: 5.37e-9
• X-ray diffraction mass absorption coefficients:
• CuK: 183 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1
• MoK: 21.1 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1

Ruthenium Chemical Properties

 Chemical basics:

• Oxidation states: +3 +4 +5
• Molecular wt: 101.07 g/mole

 Radii

• Covalent: 124 pm
• Atomic: 134.0 pm
• Van der Waals: pm

 Ions:

• ion: +3 pm 68.0
• ion: +4 pm 62.0
• ion: +5 pm 56.5

 Covalent bonds

 Effective nuclear charge

• Slater: 3.75
• Clementi: 7.45
• Froese-Fischer: 10.57

 Electronegativity

• Pauling: 2.2
• Allred-Rochow: 1.42

 Standard reactions

Ruthenium Nuclear Properties

• Known 16
• Listed 9

• Known 93 - 108
• Listed 96 - 106

• % Occ.:Natural 5.52%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
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• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 1.88%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 12.70%
• Mossbauer NRA: 14.32
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 5/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
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• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 12.60%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 17.00%
• Mossbauer NRA: 20.40 *
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 5/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
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• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 31.60%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
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• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 39.4 days
  • Decay mode: Beta-
  • Source: reactor
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 18.70%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
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• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 368.0 days
  • Decay mode: Beta-
  • Source: reactor
• Notes

• Isotope Cross-section 3.0±0.8 barns

• Absolute sensitivity: 2.48e-5 1H=1.0
• Relative sensitivity: 1.95e-4 1H=1.0
• Receptivity: 0.83 13C=1.0
• Magnetogyric ratio: -1.2343e7 rad / T / s
• Quadropole moment: 0.076e-28 m2
• Frequency: 3.389 MHz
• Reference: RuO4

Ruthenium Energy Properties

Electrons

• Ground state electron configuration: [Kr] 4d7 5s1
• Electron affinity: 146 kJ mol-1
• Filling orbitals:

Spectral lines

 Ionization energies

 Atomic energy levels