• Class: Halogens
• Period: 4
• IUPAC group: 17
• Traditional: VIIb

• Discovered in: 1826 by Balard
• Origin of name: Greek: bromos, (stench)
• Historical or alternate name:

Brines from wells in Michigan & Arkansas & in seawater

Dark reddish-brown liquid with suffocating, irritating fumes.

• Atmosphere: ~0.0 ppm
• Primitive mantle: ~0.0 ppm
• Sea water: 65 ppm
• Metallic meteorite: 3.56 ppm
• Continental crust: 2.5 ppm
• Solar photosphere: ~0.0 log of abundance
• Oceanic crust: ~0.0 ppm
• Solar system: 11.8 relative to Si=1.0e6

   Hazards

Gives off poisonous vapor. Causes severe burns. Oxidizer..

• Lower:1.0
• Upper:100.0

Bromine Physical Properties

 Transitional Data

• State: Liquid
• Density: 3.119 g/cm3

 Molar enthalpy

• Atomization: 117.943 kJ mol-1
• Fusion: 10.8 kJ mol-1
• Vaporization: 30.5 kJ mol-1

 Transition points

• Melting point: 266.0 K
• Boiling point: 331.93 K
• Critical temperature: 584.0 K

 Molar properties

• Atomic weight: 79.904 g/mole
• Molar volume: 19.858 cm3 mol-1

 Crystal structure sequence

orthorhombic

 Thermodynamics

• State: solid
  • Enthalpy 0
  • Gibbs function 0
  • Entropy 152.231
  • Heat Capacity 75.689

• State: gasa
  • Enthalpy 111.884
  • Gibbs function 82.396
  • Entropy 175.022
  • Heat Capacity 20.786

 Miscellaneous physical

• Electrical resistivity: µ-ohms/cm
• Debye temperature: K
• Thermal conductivity: 0.0047 W / m / K
• Coefficient of linear expansion: Coef. per K
• Mass magnetic susceptibility: -4.44-9
• X-ray diffraction mass absorption coefficients:
• CuK: 99.6 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1
• MoK: 79.8 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1

Bromine Chemical Properties

 Chemical basics:

• Oxidation states: -1 +1 +5 +7
• Molecular wt: 79.904 g/mole

 Radii

• Covalent: 114.2 pm
• Atomic: 114.0 pm
• Van der Waals: 195 pm

 Ions:

• ion: -1 pm 196.0
• ion: +7 pm 39.0

 Covalent bonds

 Effective nuclear charge

• Slater: 7.60
• Clementi: 9.03
• Froese-Fischer: 10.89

 Electronegativity

• Pauling: 2.8
• Allred-Rochow: 2.74

 Standard reactions

Bromine Nuclear Properties

• Known 19
• Listed 2

• Known 74 - 90
• Listed 79 - 81

• % Occ.:Natural 50.69%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 3/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 49.31%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 3/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• Isotope Cross-section 6.8±0.1 barns

• Absolute sensitivity: 3.97e-2 1H=1.0
• Relative sensitivity: 7.86e-2 1H=1.0
• Receptivity: 226 13C=1.0
• Magnetogyric ratio: 6.7023e7 rad / T / s
• Quadropole moment: 0.33e-28 m2
• Frequency: 25.053 MHz
• Reference: NaBr

Bromine Energy Properties

Electrons

• Ground state electron configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5
• Electron affinity: 324.5 kJ mol-1
• Filling orbitals:

Spectral lines

 Ionization energies

 Atomic energy levels