• Class: Metals
• Period: 4
• IUPAC group: 13
• Traditional: IIIb

• Discovered in: 1875 by de Boisbaudran
• Origin of name: Latin: Gallia, (France)
• Historical or alternate name:

Diaspore, sphalerite, germanite, bauxite & coal

Soft, silvery white metal. STABLE in air and water.

• Atmosphere: ~0.0 ppm
• Primitive mantle: 3.0 ppm
• Sea water: 0.0005 ppm
• Metallic meteorite: 10.1 ppm
• Continental crust: 18.0 ppm
• Solar photosphere: 2.80 log of abundance
• Oceanic crust: 17.0 ppm
• Solar system: 37.8 relative to Si=1.0e6

   Hazards

Reacts violently with Chlorine and bromine..

• Lower:
• Upper:

Gallium Physical Properties

 Transitional Data

• State: Liquid
• Density: 5.904 g/cm3

 Molar enthalpy

• Atomization: 276.0 kJ mol-1
• Fusion: 5.59 kJ mol-1
• Vaporization: 270.3 kJ mol-1

 Transition points

• Melting point: 302.93 K
• Boiling point: 2676.0 K
• Critical temperature: 7620.0 K

 Molar properties

• Atomic weight: 69.723 g/mole
• Molar volume: 11.865 cm3 mol-1

 Crystal structure sequence

orthorhombic

 Thermodynamics

• State: solid
  • Enthalpy 0
  • Gibbs function 0
  • Entropy 40.88
  • Heat Capacity 25.86

• State: gas
  • Enthalpy 277.0
  • Gibbs function 238.9
  • Entropy 169.06
  • Heat Capacity 25.36

 Miscellaneous physical

• Electrical resistivity: 17.4 µ-ohms/cm
• Debye temperature: 320.0 K
• Thermal conductivity: 40.6 W / m / K
• Coefficient of linear expansion: 18.3Coef. per K
• Mass magnetic susceptibility: -3.9e-9
• X-ray diffraction mass absorption coefficients:
• CuK: 67.9 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1
• MoK: 60.1 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1

Gallium Chemical Properties

 Chemical basics:

• Oxidation states: +3
• Molecular wt: 69.723 g/mole

 Radii

• Covalent: 125 pm
• Atomic: 153.0 pm
• Van der Waals: pm

 Ions:

• ion: +3 pm 62.0

 Covalent bonds

 Effective nuclear charge

• Slater: 5.00
• Clementi: 6.22
• Froese-Fischer: 6.72

 Electronegativity

• Pauling: 1.6
• Allred-Rochow: 1.82

 Standard reactions

Gallium Nuclear Properties

• Known 14
• Listed 2

• Known 63 - 76
• Listed 69 - 71

• % Occ.:Natural 60.1%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 3/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 39.9%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 3/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• Isotope Cross-section 3.1±0.3 barns

• Absolute sensitivity: 4.17e-2 1H=1.0
• Relative sensitivity: 6.91e-2 1H=1.0
• Receptivity: 237 13C=1.0
• Magnetogyric ratio: 6.420e7 rad / T / s
• Quadropole moment: 0.178e-28 m2
• Frequency: 24.003 MHz
• Reference: Ga(H2O)6+3

Gallium Energy Properties

Electrons

• Ground state electron configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
• Electron affinity: 36 kJ mol-1
• Filling orbitals:

Spectral lines

 Ionization energies

 Atomic energy levels