• Class: Transition Metals
• Period: 4
• IUPAC group: 10
• Traditional: VIII

• Discovered in: 1751 by Cronstedt
• Origin of name: German: Nickel, (Satan)
• Historical or alternate name:

Pentlandite & pyrrhotite

Lustrous, silvery white metal. Soft, malleable and ductile. Resists corrosion in air. Soluble in acids, resist alkalis.

• Atmosphere: ~0.0 ppm
• Primitive mantle: 2000.0 ppm
• Sea water: 0.0005 ppm
• Metallic meteorite: 11000.0 ppm
• Continental crust: 105.0 ppm
• Solar photosphere: 6.28 log of abundance
• Oceanic crust: 135.0 ppm
• Solar system: 49300.0 relative to Si=1.0e6

   Hazards

Poison. Irritant. Dust is carcinogenic by inhalation..

• Lower:0.01
• Upper:1.0

Nickel Physical Properties

 Transitional Data

• State: Solid
• Density: 8.90 g/cm3

 Molar enthalpy

• Atomization: 427.659 kJ mol-1
• Fusion: 17.6 kJ mol-1
• Vaporization: 374.8 kJ mol-1

 Transition points

• Melting point: 1728.0 K
• Boiling point: 3003.0 K
• Critical temperature: 5390.0 K

 Molar properties

• Atomic weight: 58.69 g/mole
• Molar volume: 6.631 cm3 mol-1

 Crystal structure sequence

face-centered-cubic

 Thermodynamics

• State: solid
  • Enthalpy 0
  • Gibbs function 0
  • Entropy 29.87
  • Heat Capacity 26.07

• State: gas
  • Enthalpy 429.7
  • Gibbs function 384.5
  • Entropy 182.193
  • Heat Capacity 23.359

 Miscellaneous physical

• Electrical resistivity: 6.84 µ-ohms/cm
• Debye temperature: 450.0 K
• Thermal conductivity: 90.7 W / m / K
• Coefficient of linear expansion: 13.5Coef. per K
• Mass magnetic susceptibility: (ferro-magnetic)
• X-ray diffraction mass absorption coefficients:
• CuK: 45.7 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1
• MoK: 46.6 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1

Nickel Chemical Properties

 Chemical basics:

• Oxidation states: +2 +3 +4
• Molecular wt: 58.69 g/mole

 Radii

• Covalent: 115 pm
• Atomic: 125.0 pm
• Van der Waals: pm

 Ions:

• ion: +2 pm 69.0
• ion: +3 pm 60.0
• ion: +4 pm 48.0

 Covalent bonds

 Effective nuclear charge

• Slater: 4.05
• Clementi: 5.71
• Froese-Fischer: 7.86

 Electronegativity

• Pauling: 1.9
• Allred-Rochow: 1.75

 Standard reactions

Nickel Nuclear Properties

• Known 9
• Listed 7

• Known 56 - 64
• Listed 58 - 64

• % Occ.:Natural 68.27%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 3/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 750.0 centuries
  • Decay mode: E.C., Beta+
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 26.10%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 1.13%
• Mossbauer NRA: 10.8
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 3/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 3.59%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 1/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 100.0 years
  • Decay mode: Beta-
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 0.91%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• Isotope Cross-section 4.51±0.1 barns

• Absolute sensitivity: 4.25e-5 1H=1.0
• Relative sensitivity: 3.57e-3 1H=1.0
• Receptivity: 0.242 13C=1.0
• Magnetogyric ratio: -2.3948e7 rad / T / s
• Quadropole moment: 0.16e-28 m2
• Frequency: 8.936 MHz
• Reference:

Nickel Energy Properties

Electrons

• Ground state electron configuration: [Ar] 3d8 4s2
• Electron affinity: 156 kJ mol-1
• Filling orbitals:

Spectral lines

 Ionization energies

 Atomic energy levels