• Class: Transition Metals
• Period: 4
• IUPAC group: 3
• Traditional: IIIa

• Discovered in: 1879 by Nilson
• Origin of name: Latin: Scandia, Scandinavia
• Historical or alternate name:

Euxenite, gadolinite, thortveitite & small quantities in over 800 minerals

Soft, silvery white metal. Burns easily. Tarnishes readily in air. Reaction with water releases Hydrogen.

• Atmosphere: ~0.0 ppm
• Primitive mantle: 13.0 ppm
• Sea water: 4e-5 ppm
• Metallic meteorite: 5.76 ppm
• Continental crust: 30.0 ppm
• Solar photosphere: 3.04 log of abundance
• Oceanic crust: 38.0 ppm
• Solar system: 33.8 relative to Si=1.0e6

   Hazards

Flammable. Reacts with air and halogens. Compounds moderately toxic by ingestion. Suspected carcinogen..

• Lower:
• Upper:0.01

Scandium Physical Properties

 Transitional Data

• State: Solid
• Density: 2.989 g/cm3

 Molar enthalpy

• Atomization: 376.02 kJ mol-1
• Fusion: 15.9 kJ mol-1
• Vaporization: 376.1 kJ mol-1

 Transition points

• Melting point: 1814.0 K
• Boiling point: 3104.0 K
• Critical temperature: 5400.0 K

 Molar properties

• Atomic weight: 44.95591 g/mole
• Molar volume: 15.134 cm3 mol-1

 Crystal structure sequence

hexagonal-close-packed <1607 K < body-centered-cubic < melting point

 Thermodynamics

• State: solid
  • Enthalpy 0
  • Gibbs function 0
  • Entropy 34.64
  • Heat Capacity 25.52

• State: gas
  • Enthalpy 377.8
  • Gibbs function 336.03
  • Entropy 174.79
  • Heat Capacity 22.09

 Miscellaneous physical

• Electrical resistivity: 61.0 µ-ohms/cm
• Debye temperature: 360.0 K
• Thermal conductivity: 15.8 W / m / K
• Coefficient of linear expansion: 10.0Coef. per K
• Mass magnetic susceptibility: 8.8e-8
• X-ray diffraction mass absorption coefficients:
• CuK: 184 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1
• MoK: 21.1 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1

Scandium Chemical Properties

 Chemical basics:

• Oxidation states: +3
• Molecular wt: 44.95591 g/mole

 Radii

• Covalent: 144 pm
• Atomic: 164.0 pm
• Van der Waals: pm

 Ions:

• ion: +3 pm 74.5

 Covalent bonds

 Effective nuclear charge

• Slater: 3.00
• Clementi: 4.63
• Froese-Fischer: 6.06

 Electronegativity

• Pauling: 1.3
• Allred-Rochow: 1.20

 Standard reactions

Scandium Nuclear Properties

• Known 15
• Listed 2

• Known 40 - 50
• Listed 45 - 46

• % Occ.:Natural 100.0%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 7/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 83.8 days
  • Decay mode: Beta-
  • Source:
• Notes med

• Isotope Cross-section 25±2 barns

• Absolute sensitivity: 0.30 1H=1.0
• Relative sensitivity: 0.30 1H=1.0
• Receptivity: 1710 13C=1.0
• Magnetogyric ratio: 6.4982e7 rad / T / s
• Quadropole moment: -0.22e-28 m2
• Frequency: 24.290 MHz
• Reference: Sc(ClO4)3

Scandium Energy Properties

Electrons

• Ground state electron configuration: [Ar] 3d1 4s2
• Electron affinity: -70 kJ mol-1
• Filling orbitals:

Spectral lines

 Ionization energies

 Atomic energy levels