• Class: Alkalines
• Period: 4
• IUPAC group: 2
• Traditional: IIa

• Discovered in: 1808 by Davy
• Origin of name: Latin: calx, (lime)
• Historical or alternate name:

Limestone, gypsum, fluorite & apatite

Soft, silvery white, metallic solid. Exposed surfaces form oxides and nitrides. Reacts with water and Oxygen.

• Atmosphere: ~0.0 ppm
• Primitive mantle: 20700.0 ppm
• Sea water: 400 ppm
• Metallic meteorite: 9020.0 ppm
• Continental crust: 52900.0 ppm
• Solar photosphere: 6.35 log of abundance
• Oceanic crust: 80800.0 ppm
• Solar system: 61100.0 relative to Si=1.0e6

   Hazards

Compounds may be irritants..

• Lower:Required
• Upper:

Calcium Physical Properties

 Transitional Data

• State: Solid
• Density: 1.54 g/cm3

 Molar enthalpy

• Atomization: 177.74 kJ mol-1
• Fusion: 9.33 kJ mol-1
• Vaporization: 150.6 kJ mol-1

 Transition points

• Melting point: 1112.0 K
• Boiling point: 1757.0 K
• Critical temperature: 2880.0 K

 Molar properties

• Atomic weight: 40.078 g/mole
• Molar volume: 26.439 cm3 mol-1

 Crystal structure sequence

face-centered-cubic <510 K < body-centered-cubic < melting point

 Thermodynamics

• State: solid
  • Enthalpy 0
  • Gibbs function 0
  • Entropy 41.42
  • Heat Capacity 25.31

• State: gas
  • Enthalpy 178.2
  • Gibbs function 144.3
  • Entropy 154.884
  • Heat Capacity 20.786

 Miscellaneous physical

• Electrical resistivity: 3.91 µ-ohms/cm
• Debye temperature: 230.0 K
• Thermal conductivity: 190.0 W / m / K
• Coefficient of linear expansion: 22.4Coef. per K
• Mass magnetic susceptibility: 1.4e-8
• X-ray diffraction mass absorption coefficients:
• CuK: 162 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1
• MoK: 18.3 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1

Calcium Chemical Properties

 Chemical basics:

• Oxidation states: +2
• Molecular wt: 40.078 g/mole

 Radii

• Covalent: 174 pm
• Atomic: 197.0 pm
• Van der Waals: 197.3 pm

 Ions:

• ion: +2 pm 100.0

 Covalent bonds

 Effective nuclear charge

• Slater: 2.85
• Clementi: 4.40
• Froese-Fischer: 5.69

 Electronegativity

• Pauling: 1.0
• Allred-Rochow: 1.04

 Standard reactions

Calcium Nuclear Properties

• Known 14
• Listed 8

• Known 37 - 50
• Listed 40 - 48

• % Occ.:Natural 96.941%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 7/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 0.10 E6 years
  • Decay mode: E.C.,
  • Source: Cosmic irradiation.
• Notes date

• % Occ.:Natural 0.647%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 0.135%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 7/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 2.086%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 163.00 days
  • Decay mode: Beta-
  • Source:
• Notes med

• % Occ.:Natural 0.004%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 0.187%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• Isotope Cross-section 0.44±0.02 barns

• Absolute sensitivity: 9.28e-6 1H=1.0
• Relative sensitivity: 6.40e-3 1H=1.0
• Receptivity: 0.0527 13C=1.0
• Magnetogyric ratio: -1.8001e7 rad / T / s
• Quadropole moment: -0.05e-28 m2
• Frequency: 6.728 MHz
• Reference: CaCl2

Calcium Energy Properties

Electrons

• Ground state electron configuration: [Ar] 4s2
• Electron affinity: -186 kJ mol-1
• Filling orbitals:

Spectral lines

 Ionization energies

 Atomic energy levels