• Class: Halogens
• Period: 3
• IUPAC group: 17
• Traditional: VIIb

• Discovered in: 1774 by Scheele
• Origin of name: Greek: chloros, (greenish yellow)
• Historical or alternate name:

Sodium chloride, carnallite & sylvite

Yelow-green, dense, pungent gas with irritating odor.

• Atmosphere: ~0.0 ppm
• Primitive mantle: ~0.0 ppm
• Sea water: 19000 ppm
• Metallic meteorite: 698.0 ppm
• Continental crust: 130.0 ppm
• Solar photosphere: 5.5 log of abundance
• Oceanic crust: ~0.0 ppm
• Solar system: 5240.0 relative to Si=1.0e6

   Hazards

Gas toxic by inhalation. Severe irritant by contact or inhalation..

   Human daily limits

• Lower:Required
• Upper:

Chlorine Physical Properties

 Transitional Data

• State: Gas
• Density: 3.214 g/L

 Molar enthalpy

• Atomization: 120.00 kJ mol-1
• Fusion: 6.41 kJ mol-1
• Vaporization: 20.4033 kJ mol-1

 Transition points

• Melting point: 172.17 K
• Boiling point: 238.6 K
• Critical temperature: 417.0 K

 Molar properties

• Atomic weight: 35.4527 g/mole
• Molar volume: 17.488 cm3 mol-1

 Crystal structure sequence

orthorhombic

 Thermodynamics

• State: gas (atoms)
  • Enthalpy 121.679
  • Gibbs function 105.680
  • Entropy 165.198
  • Heat Capacity 21.840

• State: gas (Cl2)
  • Enthalpy 0
  • Gibbs function 0
  • Entropy 223.066
  • Heat Capacity 33.907

 Miscellaneous physical

• Electrical resistivity: µ-ohms/cm
• Debye temperature: K
• Thermal conductivity: 0.0089 W / m / K
• Coefficient of linear expansion: Coef. per K
• Mass magnetic susceptibility: -7.2e-9
• X-ray diffraction mass absorption coefficients:
• CuK: 106 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1
• MoK: 11.4 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1

Chlorine Chemical Properties

 Chemical basics:

• Oxidation states: -1 +1 +3 +5 +7
• Molecular wt: 35.4527 g/mole

 Radii

• Covalent: 99 pm
• Atomic: 99.0 pm
• Van der Waals: 181 pm

 Ions:

• ion: -1 pm 181.0
• ion: +7 pm 27.0

 Covalent bonds

 Effective nuclear charge

• Slater: 6.10
• Clementi: 6.12
• Froese-Fischer: 6.79

 Electronegativity

• Pauling: 3.16
• Allred-Rochow: 2.83

 Standard reactions

Chlorine Nuclear Properties

• Known 11
• Listed 3

• Known 32 - 40
• Listed 35 - 37

• % Occ.:Natural 75.77%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 3/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 2/0
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 0.301 E6 years
  • Decay mode: Beta- E.C., Beta+
  • Source: Cosmic irradiation.
• Notes date med

• % Occ.:Natural 24.23%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 3/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• Isotope 35Cross-section 44±2 barns
• Isotope 37Cross-section 0.403±0.1 barns

• Absolute sensitivity: 3.55e-3 1H=1.0
• Relative sensitivity: 4.70e-3 1H=1.0
• Receptivity: 20.2 13C=1.0
• Magnetogyric ratio: 2.6210e7 rad / T / s
• Quadropole moment: -8.0e-30 m2
• Frequency: 9.798 MHz
• Reference: NaCl

Chlorine Energy Properties

Electrons

• Ground state electron configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p5
• Electron affinity: 348.7 kJ mol-1
• Filling orbitals:

Spectral lines

 Ionization energies

 Atomic energy levels