• Class: Non-Metals
• Period: 3
• IUPAC group: 16
• Traditional: VIb

• Discovered in: Pre-historic by
• Origin of name: Sanskrit sulvere; Latin: sulphurium
• Historical or alternate name:

Iron pyrites, galena, sphalerite, cinnabar, stibnite, gypsum, Epsom salts

• Atmosphere: 1 ppm
• Primitive mantle: ~0.0 ppm
• Sea water: 900 ppm
• Metallic meteorite: 52500.0 ppm
• Continental crust: 260.0 ppm
• Solar photosphere: 7.2 log of abundance
• Oceanic crust: ~0.0 ppm
• Solar system: 5.150E+5 relative to Si=1.0e6

   Hazards

Irritant. Slightly toxic. Reacts with oxidants..

   Human daily limits

• Lower:Required
• Upper:

Sulfur Physical Properties

 Transitional Data

• State: Solid
• Density: 2.07 g/cm3

 Molar enthalpy

• Atomization: 276.6 kJ mol-1
• Fusion: 1.7175 kJ mol-1
• Vaporization: 9.62 kJ mol-1

 Transition points

• Melting point: 386.0 K
• Boiling point: 717.82 K
• Critical temperature: 1314.0 K

 Molar properties

• Atomic weight: 32.066 g/mole
• Molar volume: 15.61 cm3 mol-1

 Crystal structure sequence

orthorhombic <368 K < monoclinic < melting point

 Thermodynamics

• State: solid (a)
  • Enthalpy 0
  • Gibbs function 0
  • Entropy 31.80
  • Heat Capacity 22.64

• State: solid (b)
  • Enthalpy 0.33
  • Gibbs function
  • Entropy
  • Heat Capacity

• State: gas
  • Enthalpy 278.805
  • Gibbs function 238.250
  • Entropy 167.821
  • Heat Capacity 23.673

 Miscellaneous physical

• Electrical resistivity: 2.0 E23 µ-ohms/cm
• Debye temperature: K
• Thermal conductivity: 0.269 W / m / K
• Coefficient of linear expansion: Coef. per K
• Mass magnetic susceptibility: -6.09e-9
• X-ray diffraction mass absorption coefficients:
• CuK: 89.1 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1
• MoK: 9.55 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1

Sulfur Chemical Properties

 Chemical basics:

• Oxidation states: -2 +2 +4 +6
• Molecular wt: 32.066 g/mole

 Radii

• Covalent: 104 pm
• Atomic: 104.0 pm
• Van der Waals: 185 pm

 Ions:

• ion: -2 pm 184.0
• ion: +4 pm 37.0
• ion: +6 pm 29.0

 Covalent bonds

 Effective nuclear charge

• Slater: 5.45
• Clementi: 5.48
• Froese-Fischer: 6.04

 Electronegativity

• Pauling: 2.5
• Allred-Rochow: 2.44

 Standard reactions

Sulfur Nuclear Properties

• Known 10
• Listed 5

• Known 29 - 38
• Listed 32 - 36

• % Occ.:Natural 95.02%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 0.75%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 3/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 4.21%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 87.4 days
  • Decay mode: Beta-
  • Source: Cosmic irradiation.
• Notes med

• % Occ.:Natural 0.02%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• Isotope Cross-section 0.51 barns

• Absolute sensitivity: 1.72e-5 1H=1.0
• Relative sensitivity: 2.26e-3 1H=1.0
• Receptivity: 0.0973 13C=1.0
• Magnetogyric ratio: 2.0534e7 rad / T / s
• Quadropole moment: -0.05e-28 m2
• Frequency: 7.670 MHz
• Reference: CS2

Sulfur Energy Properties

Electrons

• Ground state electron configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p4
• Electron affinity: 200.4 kJ mol-1
• Filling orbitals:

Spectral lines

 Ionization energies

 Atomic energy levels