• Class: Non-Metals
• Period: 3
• IUPAC group: 15
• Traditional: Vb

• Discovered in: 1669 by Brand
• Origin of name: Greek: phosphoros, (light bearing)
• Historical or alternate name:

Phosphate rock which contains the mineral apatite

White (P4): white to yellow soft, waxy solid with acrid fumes. Red: powdery & non-flammable.

• Atmosphere: ~0.0 ppm
• Primitive mantle: ~0.0 ppm
• Sea water: 0.07 ppm
• Metallic meteorite: 1180.0 ppm
• Continental crust: 1050.0 ppm
• Solar photosphere: 5.50 log of abundance
• Oceanic crust: ~0.0 ppm
• Solar system: 10400.0 relative to Si=1.0e6

   Hazards

Highly flammable solid. Explosive with oxidants. Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact..

   Human daily limits

• Lower:Required
• Upper:

Phosphorus Physical Properties

 Transitional Data

• State: Solid
• Density: 1.82 g/cm3

 Molar enthalpy

• Atomization: 314.0 kJ mol-1
• Fusion: 2.51 kJ mol-1
• Vaporization: 51.9 kJ mol-1

 Transition points

• Melting point: 317.3 K
• Boiling point: 553.0 K
• Critical temperature: 994.0 K

 Molar properties

• Atomic weight: 30.973762 g/mole
• Molar volume: 17.02 cm3 mol-1

 Crystal structure sequence

complex-cubic

 Thermodynamics

• State: solid (red)
  • Enthalpy -17.6
  • Gibbs function -12.1
  • Entropy 22.80
  • Heat Capacity 21.21

• State: solid (p4)
  • Enthalpy 0
  • Gibbs function 0
  • Entropy 41.09
  • Heat Capacity 23.840

• State: gas
  • Enthalpy 314.64
  • Gibbs function 278.25
  • Entropy 163.193
  • Heat Capacity 20.786

 Miscellaneous physical

• Electrical resistivity: 1.0 E17 µ-ohms/cm
• Debye temperature: K
• Thermal conductivity: 0.235 W / m / K
• Coefficient of linear expansion: Coef. per K
• Mass magnetic susceptibility: -1.1e-8 (white)
• X-ray diffraction mass absorption coefficients:
• CuK: 74.1 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1
• MoK: 7.89 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1

Phosphorus Chemical Properties

 Chemical basics:

• Oxidation states: -3 +3 +4 +5
• Molecular wt: 30.973762 g/mole

 Radii

• Covalent: 110 pm
• Atomic: 110.0 pm
• Van der Waals: 190 pm

 Ions:

• ion: +3 pm 44.0
• ion: +5 pm 38.0

 Covalent bonds

 Effective nuclear charge

• Slater: 4.80
• Clementi: 4.89
• Froese-Fischer: 5.28

 Electronegativity

• Pauling: 2.19
• Allred-Rochow: 2.06

 Standard reactions

Phosphorus Nuclear Properties

• Known 7
• Listed 3

• Known 28 - 34
• Listed 31 - 33

• % Occ.:Natural 100.0%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 1/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 14.28 days
  • Decay mode: Beta-
  • Source: Cosmic irradiation.
• Notes med

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 25.30 days
  • Decay mode: Beta-
  • Source: Cosmic irradiation
• Notes

• Isotope Cross-section 0.190 barns

• Absolute sensitivity: 6.63e-2 1H=1.0
• Relative sensitivity: 6.63e-2 1H=1.0
• Receptivity: 377 13C=1.0
• Magnetogyric ratio: 10.8289e7 rad / T / s
• Quadropole moment: m2
• Frequency: 40.481 MHz
• Reference: H3PO4 (85%)

Phosphorus Energy Properties

Electrons

• Ground state electron configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p3
• Electron affinity: 71.7 kJ mol-1
• Filling orbitals:

Spectral lines

 Ionization energies

 Atomic energy levels