• Class: Halogens
• Period: 2
• IUPAC group: 17
• Traditional: VIIb

• Discovered in: 1886 by Moisson
• Origin of name: Latin: fluere, (flow or flux)
• Historical or alternate name:

Fluorspar & crylite as well as other minerals

Pale yellow to greenish gas with an irritating pungent odor. Most reactive of all elements.

• Atmosphere: ~0.0 ppm
• Primitive mantle: ~0.0 ppm
• Sea water: 1.3 ppm
• Metallic meteorite: 58.2 ppm
• Continental crust: 625.0 ppm
• Solar photosphere: 4.56 log of abundance
• Oceanic crust: ~0.0 ppm
• Solar system: 843.0 relative to Si=1.0e6

   Hazards

Flammable gas. Oxidizer. Reacts violently with many materials. Toxic by inhalation or ingestion. Irritant by contact..

   Human daily limits

• Lower:1.0
• Upper:100.0

Fluorine Physical Properties

 Transitional Data

• State: Gas
• Density: 1.696 g/L

 Molar enthalpy

• Atomization: 76.90 kJ mol-1
• Fusion: 1.02 kJ mol-1
• Vaporization: 3.26 kJ mol-1

 Transition points

• Melting point: 53.53 K
• Boiling point: 85.01 K
• Critical temperature: 144.3 K

 Molar properties

• Atomic weight: 18.9984032 g/mole
• Molar volume: 9.726 cm3 mol-1

 Crystal structure sequence

monoclinic <46 K < complex-cubic < melting point

 Thermodynamics

• State: gas (F2)
  • Enthalpy 0
  • Gibbs function 0
  • Entropy 202.78
  • Heat Capacity 31.30

• State: gas (atoms)
  • Enthalpy 78.99
  • Gibbs function 61.91
  • Entropy 158.754
  • Heat Capacity 22.744

 Miscellaneous physical

• Electrical resistivity: µ-ohms/cm
• Debye temperature: K
• Thermal conductivity: 0.0256 W / m / K
• Coefficient of linear expansion: Coef. per K
• Mass magnetic susceptibility: þd
• X-ray diffraction mass absorption coefficients:
• CuK: 16.4 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1
• MoK: 1.80 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1

Fluorine Chemical Properties

 Chemical basics:

• Oxidation states: -1 +7
• Molecular wt: 18.9984032 g/mole

 Radii

• Covalent: 64 pm
• Atomic: 72.0 pm
• Van der Waals: 135 pm

 Ions:

• ion: -1 pm 133.0
• ion: +7 pm 8.0

 Covalent bonds

 Effective nuclear charge

• Slater: 5.20
• Clementi: 5.10
• Froese-Fischer: 4.61

 Electronegativity

• Pauling: 4.0
• Allred-Rochow: 4.10

 Standard reactions

Fluorine Nuclear Properties

• Known 6
• Listed 1

• Known 17 - 22
• Listed

• % Occ.:Natural 100.0%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 1/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• Isotope Cross-section 0.098±0.007 barns

• Absolute sensitivity: 0.83 1H=1.0
• Relative sensitivity: 0.83 1H=1.0
• Receptivity: 4730 13C=1.0
• Magnetogyric ratio: 25.1665e7 rad / T / s
• Quadropole moment: m2
• Frequency: 94.077 MHz
• Reference: CFCl3

Fluorine Energy Properties

Electrons

• Ground state electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p5
• Electron affinity: 322 kJ mol-1
• Filling orbitals:

Spectral lines

 Ionization energies

 Atomic energy levels