• Class: Non-Metals
• Period: 2
• IUPAC group: 14
• Traditional: IVb

• Discovered in: Pre-historic by
• Origin of name: Latin: carbo, (charcoal)
• Historical or alternate name:

Graphite, diamond; combined with Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen & many more

Graphite form: a black, odorless, slippery solid. Diamond: clear or colored; an extremely hard solid. C60 is Buckminsterfullerine.

• Atmosphere: 336.7 ppm
• Primitive mantle: ~0.0 ppm
• Sea water: 28 ppm
• Metallic meteorite: 34500.0 ppm
• Continental crust: 200.0 ppm
• Solar photosphere: 8.62 log of abundance
• Oceanic crust: ~0.0 ppm
• Solar system: 1.210E+7 relative to Si=1.0e6

   Hazards

Carbon black is moderately toxic. Burns readily with oxidants..

   Human daily limits

• Lower:Required
• Upper:

Carbon Physical Properties

 Transitional Data

• State: Solid
• Density: 2.25 g/cm3

 Molar enthalpy

• Atomization: 711.20 kJ mol-1
• Fusion: 105.0 kJ mol-1
• Vaporization: 710.9 kJ mol-1

 Transition points

• Melting point: 3820.0 K
• Boiling point: 5100.0 K
• Critical temperature: 6743.0 K

 Molar properties

• Atomic weight: 12.011 g/mole
• Molar volume: 4.58 cm3 mol-1

 Crystal structure sequence

hexagonal <2000 K < diamond-cubic

 Thermodynamics

• State: solid (graphite)
  • Enthalpy 0
  • Gibbs function 0
  • Entropy 5.740
  • Heat Capacity 8.527

• State: solid (diamond)
  • Enthalpy 1.895
  • Gibbs function 2.900
  • Entropy 2.377
  • Heat Capacity 6.113

• State: gas
  • Enthalpy 716.682
  • Gibbs function 671.257
  • Entropy 158.096
  • Heat Capacity 20.838

 Miscellaneous physical

• Electrical resistivity: 1375.0 µ-ohms/cm
• Debye temperature: 2230.0 K
• Thermal conductivity: 5.7 W / m / K
• Coefficient of linear expansion: 1.1Coef. per K
• Mass magnetic susceptibility: -6.3e-9 (graphite)
• X-ray diffraction mass absorption coefficients:
• CuK: 4.60 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1
• MoK: 0.625 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1

Carbon Chemical Properties

 Chemical basics:

• Oxidation states: -4 +2 +4
• Molecular wt: 12.011 g/mole

 Radii

• Covalent: 77 pm
• Atomic: 77.0 pm
• Van der Waals: 185 pm

 Ions:

• ion: -4 pm 260.0
• ion: +4 pm 16.0

 Covalent bonds

 Effective nuclear charge

• Slater: 3.25
• Clementi: 3.14
• Froese-Fischer: 2.87

 Electronegativity

• Pauling: 2.5
• Allred-Rochow: 2.50

 Standard reactions

Carbon Nuclear Properties

• Known 7
• Listed 3

• Known 9 - 16
• Listed 12 - 14

• % Occ.:Natural 98.90%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 1.10%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 1/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 57.3 centuries
  • Decay mode: Beta-
  • Source: Cosmic irradiation.
• Notes date med

• Isotope Cross-section 0.0034±0.0002 barns

• Absolute sensitivity: 1.76e-4 1H=1.0
• Relative sensitivity: 1.59e-2 1H=1.0
• Receptivity: 1.00 (def) 13C=1.0
• Magnetogyric ratio: 6.7263e7 rad / T / s
• Quadropole moment: m2
• Frequency: 25.144 MHz
• Reference: Si(CH3)4

Carbon Energy Properties

Electrons

• Ground state electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p2
• Electron affinity: 122.5 kJ mol-1
• Filling orbitals:

Spectral lines

 Ionization energies

 Atomic energy levels