• Class: Alkalines
• Period: 2
• IUPAC group: 2
• Traditional: IIa

• Discovered in: 1798 by Vauquelin
• Origin of name: Greek: beryllos also Glucinium or Glucine
• Historical or alternate name:

Bertrandite, beryl, chrysoberyl, phenacite, aquamarine & emerald

Semi-soft, silvery white, lustrous metal. Unreactive with air or water.

• Atmosphere: ~0.0 ppm
• Primitive mantle: 0.060 ppm
• Sea water: 5e-5 ppm
• Metallic meteorite: 0.0267 ppm
• Continental crust: 1.5 ppm
• Solar photosphere: 1.15 log of abundance
• Oceanic crust: 0.5 ppm
• Solar system: 0.78 relative to Si=1.0e6

   Hazards

Poison. Carcinogen. Acute toxicity by inhalation or skin contact..

   Human daily limits

• Lower:
• Upper:0.01

Beryllium Physical Properties

 Transitional Data

• State: Solid
• Density: 1.85 g/cm3

 Molar enthalpy

• Atomization: 320.3 kJ mol-1
• Fusion: 9.80 kJ mol-1
• Vaporization: 308.8 kJ mol-1

 Transition points

• Melting point: 1551.0 K
• Boiling point: 3243.0 K
• Critical temperature: 3590.0 K

 Molar properties

• Atomic weight: 9.012182 g/mole
• Molar volume: 4.88 cm3 mol-1

 Crystal structure sequence

hexagonal-close-packed <1250 K < body-centered-cubic < melting point

 Thermodynamics

• State: solid
  • Enthalpy 0
  • Gibbs function 0
  • Entropy 9.50
  • Heat Capacity 16.44

• State: gas
  • Enthalpy 324.6
  • Gibbs function 286.6
  • Entropy 136.269
  • Heat Capacity 20.786

 Miscellaneous physical

• Electrical resistivity: 4.0 µ-ohms/cm
• Debye temperature: 1440.0 K
• Thermal conductivity: 200.0 W / m / K
• Coefficient of linear expansion: 11.5Coef. per K
• Mass magnetic susceptibility: -1.3e-8
• X-ray diffraction mass absorption coefficients:
• CuK: 1.50 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1
• MoK: 0.298 (µ/p)/cm2 g-1

Beryllium Chemical Properties

 Chemical basics:

• Oxidation states: +2
• Molecular wt: 9.012182 g/mole

 Radii

• Covalent: 89 pm
• Atomic: 112.0 pm
• Van der Waals: pm

 Ions:

• ion: +2 pm 34.0

 Covalent bonds

 Effective nuclear charge

• Slater: 1.95
• Clementi: 1.91
• Froese-Fischer: 2.27

 Electronegativity

• Pauling: 1.5
• Allred-Rochow: 1.47

 Standard reactions

Beryllium Nuclear Properties

• Known 6
• Listed 3

• Known 6 - 11
• Listed 7 - 10

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 53.4 days
  • Decay mode: E.C.,
  • Source: Cosmic irradiation
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural 100.0%
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.: 3/2
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life:
  • Decay mode:
  • Source:
• Notes

• % Occ.:Natural
• Mossbauer NRA:
• Nuclear spin/Quantum no.:
• Radioisotopes:
  • Half-life: 1.5 E6 years
  • Decay mode: Beta-
  • Source: Cosmic irradiation.
• Notes date

• Isotope Cross-section 0.0092±0.0005 barns

• Absolute sensitivity: 1.39e-2 1H=1.0
• Relative sensitivity: 1.39e-2 1H=1.0
• Receptivity: 78.8 13C=1.0
• Magnetogyric ratio: 3.7589e7 rad / T / s
• Quadropole moment: 5.2e-30 m2
• Frequency: 14.053 MHz
• Reference: Be(NO3)2

Beryllium Energy Properties

Electrons

• Ground state electron configuration: 1s2 2s2
• Electron affinity: -18 kJ mol-1
• Filling orbitals:

Spectral lines

 Ionization energies

 Atomic energy levels